2018年8月7日星期二

增長中的瑞士穆斯林

此刻身處瑞士公幹,和上次造訪這國家的最大差異是,感覺碰到的穆斯林多了很多。感覺是不能作準的,所以必須參考數字:1980年,穆斯林佔瑞士總人口只有1%,到了2013年是5%,2016年是6.1%,沙盤推演下去,就算再沒有一個穆斯林新移民,根據皮尤(Pew)數據,2050年也會有8.2%。至於在遊客區碰見的穆斯林則不在此列,不少穆斯林女性頭戴面紗,在名店購物,已成為瑞士一大風景。

瑞士穆斯林雖然有敍利亞內戰的難民,但主要還是來自東歐,包括南斯拉夫解體前已到來的科索沃人、內亂時逃離本國的阿爾巴尼亞人,還有土耳其人,他們早在上世紀五六十年代冷戰時就大舉到瑞士打工,形成了獨特的新移民群體,這從世界盃期間,瑞士國家隊穆斯林隊員的行為已可見一斑。

至於近年比例多了,一來是這些新移民的後裔人數更多,加上家人團聚,逐漸形成氣候;二來是新來難民;三來還有中東富戶到瑞士置業。他們不一定完全是入籍國民,也可以是永久居民、勞工、難民,乃至非法入境者,構成的社會矛盾此刻並不尖銳,但潛在問題並不少。

此間輿論針對的,觸及全方位融合政策,首先是愈來愈多的清真寺從何而來。瑞士鄰國奧地利右翼近年得勢,立法規定宗教場所的資金來源必須公布,以杜絕清真寺成為激進主義溫床,但瑞士沒有類似法規,令清真寺逐漸出現一些激進教士或KOL;約9年前的清真寺宣禮塔禁令公投,不過是冰山一角。例如埃及穆斯林兄弟會創辦人的孫子,以瑞士為活動平台,宣揚激進思想,一直被政府監控;又有來自利比亞的難民教士鼓吹針對其他宗教的仇恨,不懂法語、德語,卻以瑞士政府援助為生,引起的不滿,完全可理解。

至於瑞士是否容許穆斯林婦女帶面紗,也和鄰國法國一樣,成為爭議題目。一些瑞士地方政府曾立法通過禁令,又被其他機關扭轉,目前的折衷方案,是政府部門有權讓穆斯林婦女拉起面紗檢查。加上一些富有穆斯林遊客的瘋狂購物行為,毫不尊重本地文化,容易惹人口實,亦不在話下。

其實瑞士穆斯林的融合情況,在歐洲各國當中相對理想:根據Religion Monitor的數據,只有17%瑞士人不願意當穆斯林的鄰居,這在今日歐洲而言,比例已經甚低。但瑞士國情獨特,德語區、法語區形同兩國,而德國、法國都是極右思潮興起之處,影響所及,瑞士很難獨善其身。加上瑞士以直接民主自豪,事無大小都由地方政府舉行公投,穆斯林問題很容易成為地方議題。這些潛在矛盾,只要發生一宗涉及穆斯林的大規模恐襲,恐怕足以令輿論完全扭轉。

小詞典:瑞士叫拜樓禁令公投

2009年,瑞士聯邦政府舉行全國公投,表決是否禁止清真寺興建叫拜樓 (Minarets),以保全本國傳統文化、加快穆斯林融入瑞士社會,結果以57.5%獲通過。政府官方態度本來反對議案,認為有違瑞士多元文化精神,但公投通過後,亦宣佈全面實施禁令。

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